Post by fujicolt on Nov 29, 2010 13:59:13 GMT
After much cajoling I have decided to post the first part to one of the chapters of the book i am writing. I ask your critique and comments. As you are aware there are many books that cover stances, kicks etc or kata, or competition stuff. i am trying to take a different direction and discuss and amplify other aspects. the book will of course contain instructional diagrams and photos with relevant text. and remember this is a pre-edit draft selection
so at risk of getting panned yer tis......
It is a long, but sadly widely, held misconception that Shotokan Karate is very linear in it’s application. I have sadly oft heard the observation 'Shotokan only goes forward and backward – it is as if you are on tramlines'.
However, when studied fully it is far from being so but to be fair - one has to accept the criticism if we look at the commonly used versions of the Kyu and Dan Grading Syllabus and the up and down the room Kihon and Kumite training drills that are a major part of the training at many Shotokan Dojo.
(Please see Chapter: Be proficient or pass a grading?)
It is my opinion that a wider scope of tactics and strategies are part of the Shotokan arsenal but they are often either unknown, woefully disregarded or simply not understood well enough to glean the full potential from them.
In other MA’s the importance of such strategic or tactical concepts is given more overt importance and set exercises have been and still are derived to help students understand and become proficient in these areas.
However, this does not in anyway mean that Shotokan Karate does not have these concepts etc. and once understood and familiar to you I am sure you will agree.
(See Chapter: Terminology - Old and New/Ours and Theirs! And Chapter: Go explore and discover that - We have it too!)
Taisabaki is one such aspect of Shotokan karate that is often given lip service but is, in some Dojo, insufficiently studied to be at its most potent. In fairness it is accepted that the finer details and essential components of Taisabaki are not only complex but also require detailed study if proficiency is to be gained. I fully accept that many will know of Taisabaki in a general sense but I feel that this knowledge could be significantly expanded if Karateka made themselves more familiar with the nuts and bolts of Taisabaki in order to ensure it becomes a structured and goal orientated process rather than merely thought of as ‘moving your body out of the way’.
I would suggest that, as with many aspects of Shotokan Karate, Taisabaki is more fully mastered as a skill if it is firstly studied in its component parts and then applied as a whole package when the required proficiencies and understandings are achieved. (Please see Chapter: Five Stages of Technique)
Although Taisabaki is usually translated as 'evasion/s’ or 'body shifting' it is important to understand that the root word sabaki has within its intent the concept of 'just enough' or 'optimum utilization'. This is not a small point and the best possible aim in Tai sabaki is to move/shift your body just enough to gain a position that is advantageous to you and creates a disadvantage for your opponent - this must remain the uppermost aim. This is an acquired skill and like such skills it requires detailed analysis and understanding to be fruitfully deployed.
As in all aspects of your karate your Taisabaki should be practised repeatedly, and regularly enough, until it becomes an efficient trained reflex and involves no unnecessary or wasted movements. Please take a moment to consider that advice. Repeatedly and regularly – what does that really mean? I would argue that spending a two hour session repeatedly practising Tai Sabaki will be wasted if it is six months before you give it any further study time. It is my belief, as with other aspects of shotokan Karate, Taisabaki is amongst those aspects of Shotokan Karate that has either been woefully neglected, often due to the pursuit of a pre-set Grading Syllabus or an overly studied 'Competition techniques are Karate' agenda.
Or, they are being practised but either far too infrequently to be of any value (lip service practice so instructors can state "of course we practice X, Y or Z!)".
Or, they are genuinely being studied diligently in one of those sadly rare Shotokan Clubs that has decided to return to a study of shotokan as a more true to origin martial art.
As with all techniques and concepts etc. it is essential that they are practised repeatedly and regularly to obtain maximum gains. A little often (30 minutes for example) will in the long term create greater gains than a lot (2 hours for example) infrequently. Scientific studies have shown this to be so and it is surely a no brainer anyway!.
(See Chapter -: Evolution is not revolution!)
It is also important to understand that TaiSabaki can also mean ‘Body Management’ and this includes the intentional use of your body movements to manage the body position and movement of your opponent. This is of course a high level skill that will require focused study in order for you to develop the ability to read a situation and move in a manner that influences your opponent in such a way that his resulting movements are actually advantageous to you. This brings TaiSabaki into the realms of the very advanced and this in itself surely indicates that lip service or limited study simply won't hack it if proficiency is desired. However, with the correct knowledge and attainment of skills this strategy can be used in many situations and with consistent positive outcome.
It therefore naturally follows that the development of efficient skills in TaiSabaki will require training to develop proficient skills in other aspects of strategic deployment of your karate.
NOTE: Merely moving away from, or into, your opponent is not Taisabaki.
In essence, efficient Taisabaki is a demonstration of very high levels of Body Control on your part. Your movements must be structured and timed in such a manner that they gain a positive defensive or offensive advantage for you and a negative situation for your opponent. This is, in the heat of battle, no simple or straightforward task. In order to achieve this it is vital, when studying, to be conscious of aspects such as timing, distancing, speed, footwork and various other influences that shall be discussed in detail elsewhere.
Of great importance when studying to be able to efficiently utilise Taisabaki is the fact that one must ensure that the concept of mobility is fully understood and this particularly requires a thorough understanding of foot movement, stance length and structure and the inherent transient nature of TaiSabaki in action.
Do not fall into the trap of the long perceived but hugely incorrect notion that Shotokan Karate alway deploys long, low, rigid stances. High-quality Shotokan is fluid and agile and the use of stances of various lengths is not only good practise but essential to aid mobility in the reality of a given situation.
It is also important to grasp the vitally important rule of:
‘Taisabaki usage equals a pre-intended rather than coincidental or lucky outcome that is positive for me and negative for my opponent!’
This is of course a rule that applies to all of our karate actions but with tactics and strategies such as Taisabaki it must be the aim. If not your movements are random and haphazard and do not utilize skilled interaction but rely upon accidental outcomes rather than skill driven results.
(See Chapter: Begin with the end in mind!)
Shotokan Karate is, as i have said, agile and graceful when studied fully. One only has to look at the work of for example the late Asai Sensei who took his shotokan to whole new levels. Many claimed he was unique but i would suggest that this is nonsense. one has only to look at Andre Bertel whom, after diligent study of Asai's concepts, moves with the fluidity and power that Asai Sensei intended. Here in the UK we only have to witness the development of the Karate of people such as Dave Hazard Sensei, Aidan Trimble Sensei, Elwyn Hall Sensei to name but a few to recognise that Shotokan Karate, studied fully, is far from stunted or linear in it's deployment.
The Sum of the Parts…
Listed below are several concepts that you must be aware of when studying and then deploying Tai Sabaki. As I have stated previously efficient Karate requires a Synergistic process to be occurring with each individual factor (that is involved and essential to task accomplishment) contributing to the success of the deployed techniques and assisting strategies. (See Chapter: Synergistic Processes not random outcomes)
Each must be studied, understood and made into a trained reflex if efficient use of Taisabaki is to be gained. As you will be aware, in real exchanges with a determined opponent you quite simply do not have time for contemplation or extended decision making. You will have split seconds in which to decide what to do and therefore you must study deeply enough for you to be spontaneous in what you do and efficient when you do it. In essence it must become action without conscious prolonged thought – not easy but attainable.
The factors below are not listed in any hierarchical order. All are important and require diligent study so that they are understood and thus performed efficiently. All are worth the time and effort required to create the synergistic process that will mean you become proficient in Taisabaki usage.
It is very important that you know why and how you do things in order for you to transfer that knowledge into the deployment of the inherent factors that contribute to efficient Taisabaki. It must be a case of controlled and purposeful movement, on your part, that has a specific goal in mind. It must never be moving blindly in the hope of achieving success.
To control an opponent you must be in control of yourself. It is fully accepted that many factors are influential in a violent encounter and we are but human and can therefore err.
However, with sufficient knowledge and the correct attitude to your study the necessary skills can be developed and the errors reduced dramatically. (See Chapter: Primary and Secondary Elements - and Chapter: ASK - Attitude, Skills and Knowledge!)
Mai Ai
Correct distancing is a vital aspect of unarmed combative skills and although this is discussed in more detail elsewhere (See Chapter: Accuracy - power and speed are useless if you miss!) it is important to understand that a vital aspect of Taisabaki deployment is the ability to move your body so precisely that it is not only defensively advantageous to you but it also places you in prime position in relation to utilising your punches, strikes kicks, throws, locks etc. to maximum effect.
Mai Ai is also very important in gauging your critical distance in an encounter and this naturally influences your deployment of Taisabaki. (See Chapter: So near and So far!)
San-mi-Ittai
San mi-ittai are three kinds of body shifting movement which typify Basic Taisabaki. These can be studied in simple (and then increasingly complex) forms from the early Kyu Grades. They are:
Ten-i,
"to move the position" or move away from the attack. A seemingly simple concept that reveals its complexity when you begin to understand how to do it proficiently and advantageously.
Ten-tai
Twisting and realigning the body to change the relationship of the body to the attack and further reduce the exposed target area. Once again a seemingly simple concept that becomes increasingly complex when the requirements of it become known and understood.
Ten-gi,
Executing techniques while letting the attack pass through. An efficient strategy that requires a detailed understanding of Taisabaki to be deployed successfully. Particularly (but not exclusively) workable when dealing with Keri Waza (kicking techniques)
Please see Diagrams xxxxx
Inasu
Is, simply put, dodging . It is the skill of shifting the body to move under, inside, or around an attacker's technique. However, it is not a haphazard strategy that uses a ‘pot luck’ approach and therefore requires consistent practise to master.
Again it is important to remember that the movements used must be ‘just enough’ to gain advantage for you and a disadvantage for your opponent. A thorough understanding of the ability to read an incoming technique and anticipate it’s flight path is very important in assisting you to know when to move and where to move to.
(See Chapter: ‘Five Stages of Technique‘) Please see Diagrams xxxxx
Nagasu
Is the skill of parrying, or moving with the attack, to evade a blow. This can be deployed both defensively and offensively and can often be utilised whilst delivering an attack or counter-attack
To be successful the body is moved slightly off of the line of attack so that the opponents attacking or counter attacking technique is evaded. However, this must be performed at a close enough angle to -
a) Allow your attack or counter attack to be efficiently deployed
b) Enable you to use the power of the opponent's attack to increase the force of your counter-attack
Please see Diagrams xxxxx
(see: Chapter: De-Ai and DE-Don‘ts, also See Chapter: Seichusen and Embusen.)
Irimi
Is moving to enter, getting inside an opponent's technique to create an opening. This must not be consider to be ‘charging in’. No, it is a precisely timed and precisely placed movement into your opponent that disrupts his technique and intention and creates an advantage for you. (sometimes referred to as ‘cutting in’)
The timing of delivery and the placement of delivery are particularly important in Irimi. The reasons being quite simple: If you move too soon your opponent will perceive this and change their technique and intent. If you move to late your opponent will be upon you. This must be understood fully and practice should be aimed at allowing you to learn how to avoid these negative outcomes. Your aim is to decisively cut into your opponents attack and disrupt it.
(See Chapter: the right place at the right time) Please see Diagrams xxxxx
Noru
This is moving in contact with the opponent or riding his technique as a means of controlling the opponent's attack or body movement. This ability is of particular importance when engaged with an opponent at very close range. In such cases the ability to kinaesthetically read your opponents movements and ride them to gain advantage for you and disadvantage for him is a vital skill. It is however a skill that many Shotokan practitioners often lack merely due to the scarcity of truly close quarter training drills within their overall practice. The ability to ‘see with your body‘ is an essential skill when deploying Noru strategically
(see Chapter: The neglected Range) Please see Diagrams xxxxx
Ki Ken Tai no Ichi
The co ordination of mind and body in movement. For example, when fighting, the mind and body should work in unison in a manner that allows you to be ‘in the fight on both a conscious and physical level‘ and thus able to go with the flow of the exchange and act or react advantageously.
However, it is very important to understand that this symbiotic union of mind and body will be ineffective if the technique is poor.
(See: Chapter - Primary and Secondary Elements.)
Please see Diagrams xxxxx
Hei Jo Shin
He Jo Shin is a calm state of mind and body. This is essential to allow the relaxed but powerful and fast movements that will be required when deploying Taisabaki. You must be mentally in control and therefore able to use your whole body, in a unified and structured way, to achieve victory. Hei Jo Shin can ensure that you are able to focus and not become distracted or intimidated by your opponents actions.
(See: Chapters - Primary and Secondary Elements, Go No Sen and all that stuff!, Apprehension and Fear - the Self Enemy.)
Please see Diagrams xxxxx
===========================================================
Very Important: THIS DOCUMENT IS COPYRIGHT AND MUST NOT BE SHARED WITH ANYONE, COPIED OR TRANSMITTED WITHOUT THE AUTHORS WRITTEN PERMISSION. That includes you DOD!
S.HYLAND 2010
so at risk of getting panned yer tis......
TAISABAKI –
SHOTOKAN KARATE IS NOT ON TRAMLINES
SHOTOKAN KARATE IS NOT ON TRAMLINES
It is a long, but sadly widely, held misconception that Shotokan Karate is very linear in it’s application. I have sadly oft heard the observation 'Shotokan only goes forward and backward – it is as if you are on tramlines'.
However, when studied fully it is far from being so but to be fair - one has to accept the criticism if we look at the commonly used versions of the Kyu and Dan Grading Syllabus and the up and down the room Kihon and Kumite training drills that are a major part of the training at many Shotokan Dojo.
(Please see Chapter: Be proficient or pass a grading?)
It is my opinion that a wider scope of tactics and strategies are part of the Shotokan arsenal but they are often either unknown, woefully disregarded or simply not understood well enough to glean the full potential from them.
In other MA’s the importance of such strategic or tactical concepts is given more overt importance and set exercises have been and still are derived to help students understand and become proficient in these areas.
However, this does not in anyway mean that Shotokan Karate does not have these concepts etc. and once understood and familiar to you I am sure you will agree.
(See Chapter: Terminology - Old and New/Ours and Theirs! And Chapter: Go explore and discover that - We have it too!)
Taisabaki is one such aspect of Shotokan karate that is often given lip service but is, in some Dojo, insufficiently studied to be at its most potent. In fairness it is accepted that the finer details and essential components of Taisabaki are not only complex but also require detailed study if proficiency is to be gained. I fully accept that many will know of Taisabaki in a general sense but I feel that this knowledge could be significantly expanded if Karateka made themselves more familiar with the nuts and bolts of Taisabaki in order to ensure it becomes a structured and goal orientated process rather than merely thought of as ‘moving your body out of the way’.
I would suggest that, as with many aspects of Shotokan Karate, Taisabaki is more fully mastered as a skill if it is firstly studied in its component parts and then applied as a whole package when the required proficiencies and understandings are achieved. (Please see Chapter: Five Stages of Technique)
Although Taisabaki is usually translated as 'evasion/s’ or 'body shifting' it is important to understand that the root word sabaki has within its intent the concept of 'just enough' or 'optimum utilization'. This is not a small point and the best possible aim in Tai sabaki is to move/shift your body just enough to gain a position that is advantageous to you and creates a disadvantage for your opponent - this must remain the uppermost aim. This is an acquired skill and like such skills it requires detailed analysis and understanding to be fruitfully deployed.
As in all aspects of your karate your Taisabaki should be practised repeatedly, and regularly enough, until it becomes an efficient trained reflex and involves no unnecessary or wasted movements. Please take a moment to consider that advice. Repeatedly and regularly – what does that really mean? I would argue that spending a two hour session repeatedly practising Tai Sabaki will be wasted if it is six months before you give it any further study time. It is my belief, as with other aspects of shotokan Karate, Taisabaki is amongst those aspects of Shotokan Karate that has either been woefully neglected, often due to the pursuit of a pre-set Grading Syllabus or an overly studied 'Competition techniques are Karate' agenda.
Or, they are being practised but either far too infrequently to be of any value (lip service practice so instructors can state "of course we practice X, Y or Z!)".
Or, they are genuinely being studied diligently in one of those sadly rare Shotokan Clubs that has decided to return to a study of shotokan as a more true to origin martial art.
As with all techniques and concepts etc. it is essential that they are practised repeatedly and regularly to obtain maximum gains. A little often (30 minutes for example) will in the long term create greater gains than a lot (2 hours for example) infrequently. Scientific studies have shown this to be so and it is surely a no brainer anyway!.
(See Chapter -: Evolution is not revolution!)
It is also important to understand that TaiSabaki can also mean ‘Body Management’ and this includes the intentional use of your body movements to manage the body position and movement of your opponent. This is of course a high level skill that will require focused study in order for you to develop the ability to read a situation and move in a manner that influences your opponent in such a way that his resulting movements are actually advantageous to you. This brings TaiSabaki into the realms of the very advanced and this in itself surely indicates that lip service or limited study simply won't hack it if proficiency is desired. However, with the correct knowledge and attainment of skills this strategy can be used in many situations and with consistent positive outcome.
It therefore naturally follows that the development of efficient skills in TaiSabaki will require training to develop proficient skills in other aspects of strategic deployment of your karate.
NOTE: Merely moving away from, or into, your opponent is not Taisabaki.
In essence, efficient Taisabaki is a demonstration of very high levels of Body Control on your part. Your movements must be structured and timed in such a manner that they gain a positive defensive or offensive advantage for you and a negative situation for your opponent. This is, in the heat of battle, no simple or straightforward task. In order to achieve this it is vital, when studying, to be conscious of aspects such as timing, distancing, speed, footwork and various other influences that shall be discussed in detail elsewhere.
Of great importance when studying to be able to efficiently utilise Taisabaki is the fact that one must ensure that the concept of mobility is fully understood and this particularly requires a thorough understanding of foot movement, stance length and structure and the inherent transient nature of TaiSabaki in action.
Do not fall into the trap of the long perceived but hugely incorrect notion that Shotokan Karate alway deploys long, low, rigid stances. High-quality Shotokan is fluid and agile and the use of stances of various lengths is not only good practise but essential to aid mobility in the reality of a given situation.
It is also important to grasp the vitally important rule of:
‘Taisabaki usage equals a pre-intended rather than coincidental or lucky outcome that is positive for me and negative for my opponent!’
This is of course a rule that applies to all of our karate actions but with tactics and strategies such as Taisabaki it must be the aim. If not your movements are random and haphazard and do not utilize skilled interaction but rely upon accidental outcomes rather than skill driven results.
(See Chapter: Begin with the end in mind!)
Shotokan Karate is, as i have said, agile and graceful when studied fully. One only has to look at the work of for example the late Asai Sensei who took his shotokan to whole new levels. Many claimed he was unique but i would suggest that this is nonsense. one has only to look at Andre Bertel whom, after diligent study of Asai's concepts, moves with the fluidity and power that Asai Sensei intended. Here in the UK we only have to witness the development of the Karate of people such as Dave Hazard Sensei, Aidan Trimble Sensei, Elwyn Hall Sensei to name but a few to recognise that Shotokan Karate, studied fully, is far from stunted or linear in it's deployment.
The Sum of the Parts…
Listed below are several concepts that you must be aware of when studying and then deploying Tai Sabaki. As I have stated previously efficient Karate requires a Synergistic process to be occurring with each individual factor (that is involved and essential to task accomplishment) contributing to the success of the deployed techniques and assisting strategies. (See Chapter: Synergistic Processes not random outcomes)
Each must be studied, understood and made into a trained reflex if efficient use of Taisabaki is to be gained. As you will be aware, in real exchanges with a determined opponent you quite simply do not have time for contemplation or extended decision making. You will have split seconds in which to decide what to do and therefore you must study deeply enough for you to be spontaneous in what you do and efficient when you do it. In essence it must become action without conscious prolonged thought – not easy but attainable.
The factors below are not listed in any hierarchical order. All are important and require diligent study so that they are understood and thus performed efficiently. All are worth the time and effort required to create the synergistic process that will mean you become proficient in Taisabaki usage.
It is very important that you know why and how you do things in order for you to transfer that knowledge into the deployment of the inherent factors that contribute to efficient Taisabaki. It must be a case of controlled and purposeful movement, on your part, that has a specific goal in mind. It must never be moving blindly in the hope of achieving success.
To control an opponent you must be in control of yourself. It is fully accepted that many factors are influential in a violent encounter and we are but human and can therefore err.
However, with sufficient knowledge and the correct attitude to your study the necessary skills can be developed and the errors reduced dramatically. (See Chapter: Primary and Secondary Elements - and Chapter: ASK - Attitude, Skills and Knowledge!)
Mai Ai
Correct distancing is a vital aspect of unarmed combative skills and although this is discussed in more detail elsewhere (See Chapter: Accuracy - power and speed are useless if you miss!) it is important to understand that a vital aspect of Taisabaki deployment is the ability to move your body so precisely that it is not only defensively advantageous to you but it also places you in prime position in relation to utilising your punches, strikes kicks, throws, locks etc. to maximum effect.
Mai Ai is also very important in gauging your critical distance in an encounter and this naturally influences your deployment of Taisabaki. (See Chapter: So near and So far!)
San-mi-Ittai
San mi-ittai are three kinds of body shifting movement which typify Basic Taisabaki. These can be studied in simple (and then increasingly complex) forms from the early Kyu Grades. They are:
Ten-i,
"to move the position" or move away from the attack. A seemingly simple concept that reveals its complexity when you begin to understand how to do it proficiently and advantageously.
Ten-tai
Twisting and realigning the body to change the relationship of the body to the attack and further reduce the exposed target area. Once again a seemingly simple concept that becomes increasingly complex when the requirements of it become known and understood.
Ten-gi,
Executing techniques while letting the attack pass through. An efficient strategy that requires a detailed understanding of Taisabaki to be deployed successfully. Particularly (but not exclusively) workable when dealing with Keri Waza (kicking techniques)
Please see Diagrams xxxxx
Inasu
Is, simply put, dodging . It is the skill of shifting the body to move under, inside, or around an attacker's technique. However, it is not a haphazard strategy that uses a ‘pot luck’ approach and therefore requires consistent practise to master.
Again it is important to remember that the movements used must be ‘just enough’ to gain advantage for you and a disadvantage for your opponent. A thorough understanding of the ability to read an incoming technique and anticipate it’s flight path is very important in assisting you to know when to move and where to move to.
(See Chapter: ‘Five Stages of Technique‘) Please see Diagrams xxxxx
Nagasu
Is the skill of parrying, or moving with the attack, to evade a blow. This can be deployed both defensively and offensively and can often be utilised whilst delivering an attack or counter-attack
To be successful the body is moved slightly off of the line of attack so that the opponents attacking or counter attacking technique is evaded. However, this must be performed at a close enough angle to -
a) Allow your attack or counter attack to be efficiently deployed
b) Enable you to use the power of the opponent's attack to increase the force of your counter-attack
Please see Diagrams xxxxx
(see: Chapter: De-Ai and DE-Don‘ts, also See Chapter: Seichusen and Embusen.)
Irimi
Is moving to enter, getting inside an opponent's technique to create an opening. This must not be consider to be ‘charging in’. No, it is a precisely timed and precisely placed movement into your opponent that disrupts his technique and intention and creates an advantage for you. (sometimes referred to as ‘cutting in’)
The timing of delivery and the placement of delivery are particularly important in Irimi. The reasons being quite simple: If you move too soon your opponent will perceive this and change their technique and intent. If you move to late your opponent will be upon you. This must be understood fully and practice should be aimed at allowing you to learn how to avoid these negative outcomes. Your aim is to decisively cut into your opponents attack and disrupt it.
(See Chapter: the right place at the right time) Please see Diagrams xxxxx
Noru
This is moving in contact with the opponent or riding his technique as a means of controlling the opponent's attack or body movement. This ability is of particular importance when engaged with an opponent at very close range. In such cases the ability to kinaesthetically read your opponents movements and ride them to gain advantage for you and disadvantage for him is a vital skill. It is however a skill that many Shotokan practitioners often lack merely due to the scarcity of truly close quarter training drills within their overall practice. The ability to ‘see with your body‘ is an essential skill when deploying Noru strategically
(see Chapter: The neglected Range) Please see Diagrams xxxxx
Ki Ken Tai no Ichi
The co ordination of mind and body in movement. For example, when fighting, the mind and body should work in unison in a manner that allows you to be ‘in the fight on both a conscious and physical level‘ and thus able to go with the flow of the exchange and act or react advantageously.
However, it is very important to understand that this symbiotic union of mind and body will be ineffective if the technique is poor.
(See: Chapter - Primary and Secondary Elements.)
Please see Diagrams xxxxx
Hei Jo Shin
He Jo Shin is a calm state of mind and body. This is essential to allow the relaxed but powerful and fast movements that will be required when deploying Taisabaki. You must be mentally in control and therefore able to use your whole body, in a unified and structured way, to achieve victory. Hei Jo Shin can ensure that you are able to focus and not become distracted or intimidated by your opponents actions.
(See: Chapters - Primary and Secondary Elements, Go No Sen and all that stuff!, Apprehension and Fear - the Self Enemy.)
Please see Diagrams xxxxx
===========================================================
Very Important: THIS DOCUMENT IS COPYRIGHT AND MUST NOT BE SHARED WITH ANYONE, COPIED OR TRANSMITTED WITHOUT THE AUTHORS WRITTEN PERMISSION. That includes you DOD!
S.HYLAND 2010
